जब हम कोई वाक्य बोलते हैं, तो उसमें यह तय होता है कि काम कौन कर रहा है और काम पर किस पर असर हो रहा है। इसी आधार पर वाक्य Active Voice या Passive Voice में हो सकता है।

जब वाक्य में subject (कर्ता) खुद काम करता है, तो वह Active Voice होता है।
लेकिन जब subject पर कोई और काम करता है, तो वाक्य Passive Voice में होता है।

उदाहरण से समझिए:
🔹 Active: Ram eats an apple.
राम एक सेब खाता है।
👉 Ram (कर्ता) खुद काम कर रहा है – सेब खाना।

🔹 Passive: An apple is eaten by Ram.
एक सेब राम द्वारा खाया जाता है।
👉 अब “सेब” subject है, और उस पर काम हुआ है – राम द्वारा।

🔹 Structure of Active and Passive Voice

हर tense का अपना एक structure होता है, लेकिन passive voice में हमेशा verb का past participle (V3) form लगता है और साथ में “to be” verbs (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being) का इस्तेमाल होता है।

Present Simple

🔹 Active: She writes a letter.
🔸 Passive: A letter is written by her.

Past Simple

🔹 Active: He cleaned the room.
🔸 Passive: The room was cleaned by him.

Future Simple

🔹 Active: They will complete the work.
🔸 Passive: The work will be completed by them.

Present Continuous

🔹 Active: He is watching a movie.
🔸 Passive: A movie is being watched by him.

Past Continuous

🔹 Active: She was cooking food.
🔸 Passive: Food was being cooked by her.

Present Perfect

🔹 Active: They have played the match.
🔸 Passive: The match has been played by them.

Past Perfect

🔹 Active: She had locked the door.
🔸 Passive: The door had been locked by her.

Future Perfect

🔹 Active: He will have submitted the form.
🔸 Passive: The form will have been submitted by him.

🧠 Tips to remember

1. Object of active sentence becomes the subject in passive.
   (Active: Ram eats an apple → Passive: An apple is eaten by Ram.)

2. Always use V3 form of verb in passive.

3. Only transitive verbs (जिनके object होते हैं) को passive बनाया जा सकता है।
   जैसे – go, come, sleep, die का passive नहीं बनता।

✅ Common Examples (Daily Use)

🔹 Active: The teacher teaches us.
🔸 Passive: We are taught by the teacher.

🔹 Active: Someone is knocking at the door.
🔸 Passive: The door is being knocked at.

🔹 Active: I have completed my homework.
🔸 Passive: My homework has been completed by me.

🔹 Active: He will send the email.
🔸 Passive: The email will be sent by him.

🔹 Active: She writes a letter.
🔸 Passive: A letter is written by her.

🔹 Active: They are watching a movie.
🔸 Passive: A movie is being watched by them.

🔹 Active: He has made a cake.
🔸 Passive: A cake has been made by him.

🔹 Active: I will clean the room.
🔸 Passive: The room will be cleaned by me.

🔹 Active: We help the poor.
🔸 Passive: The poor are helped by us.

🔹 Active: She is cooking dinner.
🔸 Passive: Dinner is being cooked by her.

🔹 Active: They had finished the work.
🔸 Passive: The work had been finished by them.

🔹 Active: I am reading a book.
🔸 Passive: A book is being read by me.

🔹 Active: The manager will sign the papers.
🔸 Passive: The papers will be signed by the manager.

🔹 Active: Someone stole my phone.
🔸 Passive: My phone was stolen.

🔹 Active: He paints beautiful pictures.
🔸 Passive: Beautiful pictures are painted by him.

🔹 Active: I was writing a letter.
🔸 Passive: A letter was being written by me.

🔹 Active: They will finish the project by tomorrow.
🔸 Passive: The project will be finished by tomorrow.

🔹 Active: The police caught the thief.
🔸 Passive: The thief was caught by the police.

🔹 Active: She had completed the assignment.
🔸 Passive: The assignment had been completed by her.

❌ Some sentences don’t have passive form

जैसे –
🔹 He sleeps peacefully. (No passive)
🔹 They went home. (अगर object नहीं है, तो passive नहीं बन सकता)

✍️ Conclusion | निष्कर्ष

Active voice सीधा और साधारण होता है। Passive voice ज़्यादा formal या official situations में इस्तेमाल होता है – जैसे reports, news, scientific writing आदि में।
अगर आप English बोलना सीख रहे हैं, तो पहले Active voice अच्छे से सीखें, फिर Passive voice पर जाएं।